TORAH / VISUAL STUDY
An ordinary Israelite's sin offering (Lev 4:27–35) stops at the bronze altar. On the Day of Atonement (Lev 16) the high priest alone carries blood through every zone to the mercy seat. The tabernacle has one court (Ex 27:9–19); multiple courts belong to the later temples.
“But into the second only the high priest goes, and he but once a year, and not without taking blood.” — Hebrews 9:7
Lev 4:27–35 with 1:11; 3:14–16; 6:24–30. Gray steps are yours; blue steps are the priest's. You never pass the altar. Select a numbered station to highlight its explanation.
Leviticus makes one thing visible before it explains anything: the sinner takes his own sin to the altar and ends the life himself, with the same hand that rested on the animal’s head. The text gives the acts and not their meaning, and commentators describe the hand on the head in different words, as identification with a substitute (Wenham 1979), as a declaration of ownership rather than transfer (Milgrom 1991), or as the giving of a ransom (Sklar 2005). Whatever the label, the responsibility is the worshiper’s, and Leviticus 16 keeps the two-handed transfer of guilt for the live goat alone (16:21).
Same court, same altar, same word (ḥaṭṭaʾt). What changes is who sinned, and therefore how deep the blood goes and where the carcass ends up.
Built from the construction texts. A gold room, hung with cherubim, with no lamp.
The bronze altar, the inner curtains, and what actually formed the courtyard boundary. Drawn to the measurements in Exodus 26–27 and 38.
Worked out from Ex 26:1–6 and 26:33. Left: how the one joined sheet of ten curtains lies over the frames. Right: what you would see looking up from beside the ark.
The first five curtains cover the 20‑cubit Holy Place; the clasp line falls exactly at 20 cubits, and the veil is hung "under the clasps" (26:33). The second five cover the 10‑cubit Holy of Holies and fold 10 cubits down the west wall. Across the width, 28 cubits over a 10 + 10 + 10 path leaves the curtain 1 cubit off the ground outside. From inside the Holy of Holies the ceiling shows two seams and a row of gold clasps along the veil.
The text gives no size, number, pose or spacing for the cherubim, and does not say whether the linen was also visible between the gold frames. The figures here follow ancient Near Eastern art, where cherub-like guardians are winged, human-faced lions set in facing pairs beside a stylized palm; Solomon's temple used the same pairing, "cherubim and palm trees" (1 Kgs 6:29; Ezek 41:18–19). Exodus itself gives only "cherubim"; upright winged human figures are the other form scholars propose, and the palms are borrowed from the temple, not prescribed for the tent. The seams, colors, clasps and proportions are from the text; the motif is a reconstruction (Eichler, “What Kind of Creatures Are the Cherubim?”).
The full gradient from wilderness to mercy seat, west on the left. Each bar is one kind of sin offering: it starts where the sinner stands and ends where the blood is applied. Whoever stands closer to the center pollutes deeper, so the blood must reach deeper.
The tent's zones repeat a map the Torah has already drawn twice. Eden is a land, a garden inside it, and a tree at the center (Gen 2:8–9). Sinai is a base, a midpoint, and a summit (Ex 19; 24). BibleProject reads the tabernacle as the same map laid flat: the nearer the center, the fewer who may go and the more it costs to enter.
Exodus never says the tent “is” Eden or Sinai. The correspondences are in shared vocabulary and layout: cherubim, gold and onyx (Gen 2:11–12; Ex 25:7), the eastward entrance, “work and keep” (Gen 2:15; Num 3:7–8), and seven divine speeches (Ex 25:1–31:17) that end in Sabbath (31:12–17). The three-tier map is a reading of that evidence, and it is marked here as one.
Top-down plan of the tabernacle court (Exodus 25–30, 40). Room proportions and furniture positions follow Ex 26:33–35 and 40:17–33; distances between objects are schematic.
Who may enter: any ritually clean Israelite bringing an offering (Lev 1:3; 4:27–29).
Purpose: sacrifice and washing. Blood is applied to the altar; priests wash before ministering.
1 Bronze altar, 5 × 5 × 3 cubits, horned — Ex 27:1–8
2 Bronze basin (laver) — Ex 30:17–21
Who may enter: priests only, in daily service (Ex 30:7–8; Heb 9:6).
Purpose: continual ministry before the LORD: bread, light and incense.
3 Table of the bread of the Presence, north — Ex 25:23–30
4 Golden lampstand, south — Ex 25:31–40
5 Altar of incense, before the veil — Ex 30:1–10
Who may enter: the high priest only, once a year, never without blood (Lev 16:2, 34; Heb 9:7).
Purpose: the place of God's presence and speech, "above the mercy seat" (Ex 25:22).
6 Ark of the covenant with mercy seat and cherubim — Ex 25:10–22
Veil of blue, purple and scarlet — Ex 26:31–33
Seen from the south, east on the right. Gray markers: the ordinary sin offering. Red markers: the Day of Atonement.
Each object is specified twice, as instruction (Ex 25–30) and as build report (Ex 36–40), with a material, a measurement and a position, and almost never with an explanation. Each card below keeps the two apart: what the text fixes, then the reading BibleProject and the temple-theology literature draw from it, in which the furniture is at once a set of Eden and creation images and the machinery for keeping a holy presence in a camp of people who fail.
TextAcacia chest, 2½ × 1½ × 1½ cubits, gold inside and out, poles never withdrawn (25:10–15). Solid gold cover with two cherubim of one piece, wings spread, faces toward it (25:17–20). The testimony inside (25:16); God speaks “from above the mercy seat, from between the two cherubim” (25:22).
ReadingA throne with no image on it. Where a neighbouring shrine set a statue on its box, this box holds words, and the LORD “is enthroned on the cherubim” (1 Sam 4:4; Ps 99:1). The lid is named for the rite that will be done on it (Lev 16:14). Mackie notes the Torah specifies two boxes in the same order, material then dimensions then fittings: Noah’s tebah and this ʾaron, both vessels for preserving life, and the pitching of the first (kafar, Gen 6:14) shares its root with the atoning done on the second.
TextAcacia overlaid with gold, 2 × 1 × 1½ cubits, with a molding and rim and gold dishes and bowls; bread set “before me regularly” (25:23–30). North side of the Holy Place (26:35). Twelve loaves in two rows, renewed every Sabbath and eaten by the priests (Lev 24:5–9).
ReadingTwelve loaves for twelve tribes, kept always fresh and always “before the LORD.” Leviticus names the lamps and the bread in one breath (24:2–8), so Israel sits on the table under the light. BibleProject reads it as Eden’s perpetual food: a people held in God’s presence, provided for, and lit.
TextOne talent of hammered gold: a shaft and six branches, cups shaped like almond blossoms, seven lamps (25:31–40). South side, opposite the table (26:35). Tended evening and morning so it burns “regularly” (27:20–21; 30:7–8; Lev 24:2–4).
ReadingThe tent’s tree, blossoming in gold: the one plant form inside the tabernacle, where Solomon’s temple later carved whole gardens (1 Kgs 6:29). BibleProject reads the seven lamps as the lights of creation kept “evening and morning” in Genesis 1’s rhythm, a sevenfold light that never goes out.
TextAcacia overlaid with gold, 1 × 1 × 2 cubits, with horns, set before the veil (30:1–6). Incense morning and evening, with the lamps (30:7–8); blood on its horns once a year (30:10); a recipe reserved for it alone (30:34–38).
ReadingA cloud that never clears in the room before the veil. The Psalms make the image explicit, “let my prayer be counted as incense before you” (Ps 141:2), and on the Day of Atonement the censer’s cloud covers the mercy seat “so that he does not die” (Lev 16:12–13).
TextAcacia boarded with bronze, 5 × 5 × 3 cubits, horns of one piece, a grating and poles, hollow (27:1–8). Its fire is never allowed to go out (Lev 6:12–13). The tamid: a lamb every morning and every evening (29:38–42).
ReadingThe threshold. No one goes in without a life surrendered here first, and the ordinary worshiper’s blood never goes further than its horns (Lev 4:30). BibleProject reads the daily ʿolah, wholly burned and offered for no one in particular, as perpetual surrender, its wording linked to Moriah (Gen 22) and Passover (Ex 12).
TextBronze, made from the mirrors of the women who served at the entrance (38:8), set between the tent and the altar; priests wash hands and feet before entering or approaching the altar “so that they do not die” (30:17–21; 40:30–32).
ReadingWater for the priests’ bodies, blood for the sanctuary’s surfaces: two different cleanings. BibleProject borrows Milgrom’s picture of blood as a ritual detergent for the pollution that human failure leaves on holy things, and the basin keeps the ones who handle it clean enough to approach.
TextTen cherubim curtains, eleven of goats’ hair, rams’ skins, and taḥash hides (26:1–14) over gold-covered frames (26:15–30). A cherubim veil on four gold pillars; an embroidered screen on five at the door (26:31–37).
ReadingFour layers between the presence and the sun, and cherubim at each threshold, as at the garden (Gen 3:24). BibleProject reads the veil’s blue as sky, so that the high priest passes, in effect, through the heavens to stand before the throne; the text gives the colors and the guardians, and leaves the sky to the reader.
Seven times “the LORD said to Moses” (Ex 25:1; 30:11, 17, 22, 34; 31:1, 12). The first speech lists seven things to make: the materials, the ark, the table, the lampstand, the tent, the altar, the court. Between the lists sit the priestly garments (28:4, 39–43), a seven-day ordination (29:35), and lamps and a lamb kept “evening and morning” (27:20–21; 29:38–42); the seventh speech is the Sabbath (31:12–17). BibleProject, adapting David Dorsey’s outline, reads the design as creation’s rhythm: an ordered space kept by human images of God.
The tent overturns a common half-truth, that a holy God keeps his distance from sin. The blueprints begin with the opposite intention, “that I may dwell in their midst” (Ex 25:8), and the whole apparatus of altar, basin, blood and veil exists so that the presence can stay in a compromised camp and the camp can come near on God’s terms (29:45–46; Lev 16:16). That is BibleProject’s summary of the section, and it is also the plain grammar of Exodus 25.
Content note: The three-tier map in section 07 and the readings marked “Reading” above draw on Tim Mackie and Jon Collins’s BibleProject Exodus episodes “What’s So Special About the Tabernacle?” and “Why Does the Tabernacle Furniture Even Matter?” (May 2022), and on Mackie’s classroom session “The Ark as a Symbolic Eden and Tabernacle” (Noah to Abraham, session 13). Measurements, materials and positions are from the text; the readings are reported as readings. Full entries are in the bibliography.
Read each row left to right, following the floor plan: from outside the camp, through the gate, to the mercy seat.
| Rite | Outside the camp | Courtyard | Holy Place | Holy of Holies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Sin offering of an individual Lev 4:27–35 · any day · one person · one female goat or lamb | The worshiper comes in from the camp with an unblemished animal (4:28, 32). Nothing returns outside; the meat is eaten by the priests in the court (6:26). | Everything happens here. The worshiper lays his hand on the head and kills the animal himself at the place of burnt offering (4:29, 33). Priest puts blood on the altar's horns and pours the rest at its base (4:30, 34). Fat burned "for a pleasing aroma" (4:31). Result: "he shall be forgiven" (4:31, 35). | Not entered No blood passes the door. Only a priest's or the whole congregation's sin offering carries blood inside, to the veil and the incense altar (4:5–7, 16–18). | Not entered Closed to everyone on every ordinary day (16:2). |
Day of Atonement Lev 16; 23:26–32 · 10th day of the 7th month · high priest alone · bull, two goats, two rams | Lots cast: one goat "for the LORD," one "for Azazel" (16:8). The live goat, with Israel's iniquities confessed over it, is led into the wilderness (16:21–22). Carcasses of the bull and goat burned outside the camp (16:27). The people fast and rest (16:29–31). | Aaron bathes and dresses in plain linen (16:4). Kills the bull for his own sin and the goat for the people (16:11, 15). Takes a censer of coals from the altar and two handfuls of incense (16:12). Coming out: lays both hands on the live goat (16:21), changes back into his regular garments, offers the burnt offerings (16:23–24). | Passes through with censer and blood. After the inner work he makes atonement for the tent of meeting itself (16:16) and puts blood on the horns of the altar before the LORD, sprinkling it seven times (16:18–19; Ex 30:10). | Enters behind the veil. Incense cloud covers the mercy seat (16:12–13). Sprinkles the bull's blood on the front of the mercy seat and seven times before it, then the goat's blood the same way (16:14–15). Atonement for the sanctuary "because of the uncleannesses of the people" (16:16). Three separate entries: incense, bull's blood, goat's blood (16:12–15). |
Not the gold ephod, breastpiece and robe of Ex 28, but “the holy linen coat,” linen undergarment, linen sash and linen turban, put on after bathing (Lev 16:4). He changes back only after the inner work is finished (16:23–24).
What kept the tent running between one Day of Atonement and the next.
Fourteen words that carry the study, grouped as places, objects, rites and the presence itself. The accent on each card matches the zone or rite the word belongs to.
The tent as the place where God takes up residence among Israel; the noun of shakhan, to settle or dwell.
A holy place, set apart for the Holy One: “let them make me a sanctuary, that I may dwell among them.”
The same structure named for its purpose: the place where God meets Israel and speaks.
The innermost room, “the Most Holy Place,” behind the veil; entered once a year.
What Moses is shown on the mountain and told to copy: the tent and its furniture are made after a pattern, not from scratch.
The visible presence that fills the finished tent and appears in the cloud over the mercy seat.
The cherubim curtain that “shall separate for you the Holy Place from the Most Holy.”
Winged guardians at every threshold of the presence: over the ark, on the veil, on the inner curtains, and at the way back to Eden.
The solid gold lid of the ark with its cherubim; named from kipper, the verb of the rite performed on it.
From zabaḥ, to slaughter: the bronze altar outside the tent, the golden altar inside it.
The verb behind kapporet and Yom Kippur: blood applied to the sancta clears what has accumulated there.
The offering of Lev 4 and of Lev 16; its blood decontaminates the sanctuary rather than washing the worshiper.
The word for what never stops: the lamps, the bread, the incense, and the morning and evening lamb.
Where the live goat is sent; read as “the goat that goes away” or as a wilderness power.
Every Torah passage behind the illustrations above, grouped by what you see, who may go where, what is done, and the Eden echoes. Exodus 35–40 repeats 25–31 as the build report; both are listed. Each reference opens the chapter at esv.org.
64 reference entries
| Item | What it is / what happens | Torah |
|---|---|---|
| A · Structure: what you see | ||
| Court fence | Linen hangings 5 cubits high on 60 pillars, bronze bases, silver hooks and bands; 100 × 50 cubits | Ex 27:9–19; 38:9–20 |
| Gate screen | 20 cubits, blue, purple, scarlet and linen, embroidered, on 4 pillars, east side | Ex 27:13–16; 38:18–19 |
| Cords and pegs | Bronze pegs for court and tent; cords carried by the Merarites | Ex 27:19; 35:18; 38:20, 31; Num 3:37; 4:32 |
| Frames (walls) | Upright acacia boards overlaid with gold, 10 cubits high, in silver bases, locked by bars; walls only, no wooden roof | Ex 26:15–30; 36:20–34 |
| Roof, layer 1: inner curtains | Ten linen curtains with cherubim in blue, purple, scarlet; two sets joined by 50 gold clasps; the ceiling seen from inside | Ex 26:1–6; 36:8–13 |
| Roof, layer 2: goats' hair | Eleven curtains of goats' hair joined by bronze clasps, the "tent" over the "tabernacle" | Ex 26:7–13; 36:14–18 |
| Roof, layers 3–4: skins | Covering of tanned rams' skins and, on top, "goatskins" (Heb. taḥash, meaning uncertain) | Ex 26:14; 36:19 |
| Veil | Cherubim curtain on 4 gold pillars, hung under the clasps; separates Holy Place from Most Holy | Ex 26:31–33; 36:35–36 |
| Door screen | Embroidered screen on 5 pillars at the tent's east entrance | Ex 26:36–37; 36:37–38 |
| Pattern shown on the mountain | Moses is to make the tent and every piece of furniture after the pattern (tavnit) he is shown | Ex 25:9, 40; 26:30; 27:8; Num 8:4 |
| Layout and orientation | Table north, lampstand south, ark behind the veil; tent set up and furnished in order; entrance east | Ex 26:33–35; 40:17–33; Num 3:38 |
| B · Furniture | ||
| Ark and mercy seat | Gold-covered chest 2½ × 1½ × 1½ cubits; solid gold cover with two cherubim; tablets inside; God speaks from above it | Ex 25:10–22; 37:1–9; 40:20–21; Deut 10:1–5 |
| Table of the bread of the Presence | Gold-covered table with dishes, pans, pitchers, bowls; twelve loaves in two rows with frankincense | Ex 25:23–30; 37:10–16; 40:22–23; Lev 24:5–9 |
| Lampstand | One talent of hammered gold; six branches, almond blossoms, seven lamps; pure olive oil | Ex 25:31–40; 27:20–21; 37:17–24; 40:24–25; Lev 24:1–4; Num 8:1–4 |
| Altar of incense | Gold-covered, 1 × 1 × 2 cubits, horned, before the veil; incense recipe; blood on its horns once a year | Ex 30:1–10, 34–38; 37:25–29; 40:26–27 |
| Bronze altar and utensils | 5 × 5 × 3 cubits, horns, ledge, grating, poles; pots, shovels, basins, forks, fire pans; no steps | Ex 27:1–8; 38:1–7; 40:29; 20:26 |
| Bronze basin | Between tent and altar; made from the women's mirrors; priests wash hands and feet | Ex 30:17–21; 38:8; 40:30–32 |
| Anointing oil | Recipe; every piece and the priests anointed | Ex 30:22–33; 40:9–15; Lev 8:10–12 |
| C · Zones and who may go where | ||
| Court | Any clean Israelite bringing an offering; the unclean kept out until purified | Lev 1:3; 12:4; 15:31; Num 5:2–4; 19:13, 20 |
| Holy Place | Aaron and his sons only, for the daily service; outsiders who approach die | Ex 27:21; 30:7–8; Num 18:1–7 |
| Most Holy Place | High priest, once a year, with blood and incense; at any other time, death | Lev 16:2, 29–34; Ex 30:10 |
| Sinai's three levels | The people at the base behind a boundary; Aaron, his sons and seventy elders partway up; Moses alone into the cloud | Ex 19:12, 17; 24:1–2, 9–18 |
| Levite ring | Levites camp around the tent and guard it; Aaron's family on the east | Num 1:50–53; 3:5–10, 23–38; 18:2–6, 22–23 |
| Camp | Twelve tribes in four camps by standard, Judah on the east | Num 2:1–34; 10:11–28 |
| Outside the camp | The leprous, the corpse-defiled, executions, burned carcasses, the scapegoat | Lev 4:12; 13:46; 16:22, 27; 24:14; Num 5:2–4; 12:14–15; 15:35–36; Deut 23:12–14 |
| D · The individual's sin offering | ||
| Case and animal | Unintentional sin made known; female goat or lamb without blemish | Lev 4:27–28, 32 |
| Who kills the animal | In every grade the one who sinned kills his own offering: the anointed priest, the leader, the ordinary Israelite; only the congregation's bull is left in the passive. The priest's work begins with the blood | Lev 4:4, 15, 24, 29, 33; 1:5; 3:2, 8, 13 |
| The common person's responsibility | One of “the common people” (4:27) lays his own hand on the head and kills his own animal at the place of the burnt offering, north side of the altar; the priest takes over only at the blood | Lev 4:27–30, 33; 1:11 |
| Blood | Finger to the horns of the bronze altar; remainder at its base | Lev 4:30, 34 |
| Fat and forgiveness | Fat portions burned as with the peace offering; atonement made, forgiven | Lev 4:31, 35; 3:14–16 |
| If poor | Two birds, or a tenth of an ephah of flour | Lev 5:7–13 |
| Afterwards: meat, vessels, garments | Eaten by male priests in the court; earthen pot broken, bronze scoured; spattered garment washed; none eaten if blood went inside | Lev 6:24–30; 10:17–18 |
| Ashes and hide | Ashes to a clean place outside the camp; hide of a burnt offering to the priest | Lev 6:10–11; 7:8 |
| Other grades | Anointed priest (bull, blood inside, burned outside); congregation (same); leader (male goat, altar horns) | Lev 4:3–12; 4:13–21; 4:22–26 |
| Why blood | "The life of the flesh is in the blood… it is the blood that makes atonement" | Lev 17:11; Gen 9:4; Deut 12:23 |
| E · Day of Atonement | ||
| Setting and warning | After Nadab and Abihu; Aaron may not enter at will | Lev 16:1–2; 10:1–3 |
| Bathing and linen garments | Linen coat, undergarment, sash, turban; changed back afterwards | Lev 16:4, 23–24, 32 |
| Animals and lots | Bull and ram for Aaron; two goats and a ram for the people; one lot for the LORD, one for Azazel | Lev 16:3, 5–11 |
| Incense cloud | Censer of coals from the altar, two handfuls of incense, cloud covers the mercy seat | Lev 16:12–13 |
| Blood on the mercy seat | Bull's blood, then goat's: on the front and seven times before it | Lev 16:14–15 |
| Tent and altar purged | Atonement for the Holy Place and tent; blood on the altar's horns, sprinkled seven times | Lev 16:16–19; Ex 30:10 |
| Live goat | Both hands laid on, all iniquities confessed, sent into the wilderness by a ready man, who then washes | Lev 16:20–22, 26 |
| Carcasses | Bull and goat burned outside the camp; the burner washes | Lev 16:27–28 |
| Aaron alone | The high priest lays hands and kills, for himself and for the people; no layperson touches an animal that day | Lev 16:11, 15, 21 |
| The people's part | 10th of the 7th month; afflict yourselves, no work, a Sabbath of solemn rest; festival offerings | Lev 16:29–31; 23:26–32; Num 29:7–11 |
| Yearly statute | Once in the year, for all their sins; also the Jubilee trumpet on this day | Lev 16:34; Ex 30:10; Lev 25:9 |
| F · The priests' regular work | ||
| Ordination | Seven-day consecration of Aaron and his sons; first service and the fire from the LORD | Ex 29; Lev 8–9 |
| Garments | Ephod, breastpiece, robe, coat, turban, sash; linen undergarments | Ex 28; 39:1–31 |
| Daily offering (tamid) | A lamb morning and twilight with flour, oil and wine | Ex 29:38–42; Num 28:1–8 |
| Lamps and incense | Lamps tended evening to morning; incense at the same hours | Ex 27:20–21; 30:7–8; Lev 24:1–4 |
| Bread | Twelve loaves renewed each Sabbath; old loaves eaten by priests | Lev 24:5–9 |
| Fire and ashes | Fire kept burning continually; ashes removed in changed garments | Lev 6:8–13 |
| Washing | Hands and feet at the basin before entering or approaching the altar | Ex 30:19–21; 40:30–32 |
| Sabbaths, new moons, feasts | The public offering calendar | Lev 23; Num 28–29 |
| Priests' portions | What the priests may eat, and where | Lev 6:14–7:36; 10:12–15; Num 18:8–19 |
| Packing and carrying | Aaron's sons cover the holy things; Kohath, Gershon, Merari carry; set up again; moving with the cloud | Num 4; 1:50–51; 7:1–9; 9:15–23; 10:17, 21, 33–36 |
| G · Eden echoes | ||
| Cherubim and the east | Cherubim posted east of the garden; cherubim on the mercy seat, ceiling and veil; entrance from the east | Gen 3:24; Ex 25:18–20; 26:1, 31; 27:13; Num 3:38 |
| Work and keep | Adam's task in the garden; the Levites' and priests' task at the tent, same two verbs | Gen 2:15; Num 3:7–8; 8:26; 18:5–7 |
| God walking among | The sound of God walking in the garden; God walking in the camp and dwelling among Israel | Gen 3:8; Ex 25:8; 29:45–46; Lev 26:11–12; Deut 23:14 |
| Tree of light | Lampstand shaped as a flowering almond tree | Ex 25:31–36; Gen 2:9 |
| Seven and rest | Seven divine speeches ending in Sabbath; work finished, blessed, glory fills | Ex 25:1; 30:11, 17, 22, 34; 31:1, 12–17; 39:32, 43; 40:33–35; Gen 1:31–2:3 |
| Gold and stones | Eden's land of gold and onyx; gold and onyx on the priest's shoulders and in the tent | Gen 2:11–12; Ex 25:3, 7; 28:9–12, 17–20 |
| Two boxes | Noah's ark and the ark of the covenant are specified in the same order: material, dimensions, fittings; the first is pitched (kafar) with the root of the second's atonement | Gen 6:14–16; Ex 25:10–16; 37:1–5 |
| Exile eastward, return westward | Humanity driven out east; the worshiper walks west toward the presence | Gen 3:23–24; 4:16; 11:2; Ex 27:13–16 |
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Blood in, body out: the further the blood goes toward the mercy seat, the further the carcass goes from the camp, and only what stayed in the court is eaten.
45 works, with the sections each one informs
BibleProject podcast and classroomNote on sources: Scripture is cited from the ESV. Measurements are in cubits (about 18 in / 45 cm); dimensions, materials, colors and placement follow Exodus 25–30 and 36–40, Leviticus 4, 6 and 16, and Numbers 2–4, and the cherubim, lampstand and altar drawings are schematic. Where the study relies on scholarship rather than the text itself (the graded-pollution reading of Lev 4, the Eden echoes, the three-tier map, the altar of Lev 16:18, the form of the cherubim), the author and year appear in the text.
Citation format: Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition.